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Jessica Choppin Roney Associate professor of history at Temple University Readers may contact Roney at jessica.roney@temple.edu. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic
Journal of American History, Volume 111, Issue 1, June 2024, Pages 15–38, https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaae001
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01 June 2024
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Jessica Choppin Roney, An Expansion of the Same Society: Republican Government and Empire in the Early Republic, Journal of American History, Volume 111, Issue 1, June 2024, Pages 15–38, https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaae001
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On September 17, 1778, U.S. diplomats signed an extraordinary treaty of confederation with the Delaware or Lenape Nation, inviting them “to join the present confederation, and to form a state.” The treaty extended membership broadly to “any other tribes who have been friends to the interest of the United States, to join the present confederation, and to form a state whereof the Delaware nation shall be the head, and have a representation in Congress.”1
That a Lenape state could be admitted to the existing thirteen U.S. states was among the most radical proposals in state making of the American Revolution. Not only did the United States recognize Lenape sovereignty, propose statehood, and promise political equality within the confederation but the treaty also reified Indigenous political organization. This state emanated neither from the British colonial past nor from the strength of a representative assembly, a cornerstone of Anglo-American political thought, but instead it reflected Indigenous, and specifically Lenape, conceptions of political community as held together by ties of reciprocity and kinship among nations. A state “whereof the Delaware nation shall be the head” aligned with the kind of political system articulated by the Mahican diplomat Hendrik Aupaumut, who explained that “the Shawnees are my younger brothers—the Miamie my fathers—the Delawares [Lenapes] my grandfathers—the Chippawas [Ojibwes] my grandchildren—and so on.” For their part, Lenape negotiators recognized the new United States and proposed a way to channel relations with it into their own politics of reciprocal networks. Had this treaty been fulfilled, it would have admitted a state organized fundamentally differently in historical terms or political philosophy from any other U.S. state.2
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